Theories of Corporate Personality - 4403 Words

Theories of Corporate Personality MANAS AGARWAL 5th Semester BA LL.B (B) School of Law Christ University Bangalore INDEX * Research Methodology * Introduction * The Common Law Perspectives * Fiction Theory * Concession Theory * The Purpose Theory * Bracket Theory * Realist Theory * Why Corporations? * Corporate Personality And Limited Liability Cases: * Macaura v. Northern Assurance Co. * Lee v. Lee’s Air Farming * Salomon v. Salomon amp; Co. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I Manas Agarwal of B.A.LL.B (Hons.) is really grateful to Ms. Fincy V, without whose help and corporation this project would not have been possible. I am also grateful to the National Law School India University†¦show more content†¦W. Friedman stated that: â€Å"All law exists for the sake of liberty inherent in each individual; therefore the original concept of personality must coincide with the idea of man.† Even though there are many theories which attempted to explain the nature of corporate personality, none of them is said to be dominant. It is claimed that while each theory contains elements of truth, none can by itself sufficiently interpret the phenomenon of juristic person. Nonetheless, there are five principal theories, which are used to explain corporate personality, namely, the fiction theory, realist theory, the purpose theory, the bracket theory and the concession theory. Fiction Theory The fiction theory holds that corporations are simply legal fictions, created and sustained by an act of the state. They are endowed with corporate personality simply because this is a convenient form through which the natural persons behind the corporation may conduct their business. According to this theory, the legal personality of entities other than human beings is the result of a fiction. Hence, not being a human being, corporation cannot be a real person and cannot have any personality on its own. Originally, the outward form that corporate bodies are fictitious personality was directed at ecclesiastic bodies. The doctrine was used to explain that the ecclesiastic colleges or universities could not be excommunicated or be guilty of a delict as they have neither a bodyShow MoreRelatedLegal Personality And Limited Liability1576 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction The doctrine of separate legal personality has been described as a double edge sword. This essay will argue that this is an apt analogy as separate legal personality while providing economic benefits and a shield of protection against liability for managers and shareholders it can also have harmful effects on other non-shareholder stakeholders such as creditors, involuntary creditors and employees. This essay will discuss separate legal personality and limited liability and the effects thatRead MoreTransformational Leadership As A Successful Manager1276 Words   |  6 Pagestrue (Judge Bono, 2000, p. 752). Transformational leadership should be something that is expected within the corporate industry, but mandatory in managing leadership. Rationale Chosen Theory Selection The chosen articles created a more realistic image of what is expected within the corporate world when attempting to intertwine personality traits and professionalism. The selected article Can a Successful Salesperson Become A Successful Manager, createRead MorePersonality Traits Within The Workplace1342 Words   |  6 PagesFive-factor trait theory As a professional many struggle with attempting to control the dominance of his/her personality trait, in fear that it may be damaging to one s current position. Personally, there has been several instances when an employee was ridiculed because he/she expressed personality traits within the workplace, opposite of what the employer personally desired. Within this paper, one will discuss how the connection of an individual personality trait can be beneficial, as well a productiveRead MoreThe Purpose Of Corporate Law1082 Words   |  5 PagesPurpose of Corporate Law to Restrict or Promote Corporate Activity? The corporation is an undeniably pervasive part of modern society that is identified by its corporate activity. Effective corporate activity entails a balance of ‘internal’ (e.g. policies and procedures) and ‘external’ (e.g. laws and social welfare) factors. 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Stakeholder method Under the stakeholder model of corporate governance, firms owned and controlled by small number of major shareholders. This model of corporate governance often called as the relationship based method due to the close relationship maintained between companies and their major shareholders. This close relationship, little separation of ownership and control minimises the agency problem. HoweverRead MoreThe Value Of Personality And Values1199 Words   |  5 PagesPersonality and values†¦everyone has them. Each plays a crucial role that makes us unique and sets us apart from everyone else. Values are the foundation on which an individual’s personality sits. Values lie within a person’s core. It’s a belief system as to what is right, good, wrong, or bad, also known as ethics. Values have two attributes, content and intensity. Content defines the importance and intensity measures the importance and forms their value system. Values can be classified a littleRead MoreEssay on PCL-R: The Test of Success882 Words   |  4 Pagesout significantly plausible benefits. Psychopathy has long been labeled a personality disorder; a disorder believed to be serious enough of a threat to society to be treated using methods of sedation, incarceration, and climaxing at lobotomization. But could the worry have been that these psychopaths would just become too successful? The following analyzed documents support the hypothesis that psychopathic personality traits lead to success. A psychopath is one who tests above 30 on the PsychopathyRead MoreThe Doctrine Of The Separate Legal Entity1386 Words   |  6 Pagesenacted to make provision in relation to corporations and financial products and services, and for other purposes. A major implication of the act is the doctrine of the separate legal entity. Section 1.5.1 of the act outlines the separate legal entity theory, legislated as a company being distinct from its owners, managers, operators, employees and agents. Though, the doctrine of separate legal entity has been argued as a double edged sword. A ‘double edged sword’ is defined by Oxford as ‘a situationRead MoreThe Corporate Veil : Saloman And Beyond1269 Words   |  6 Pages1. Chapter One: The Corporate Veil – Saloman and Beyond 1.1 What is Limited Liability? In any business, there is a fundamental risk of loss or failure. Such failings are induced by a variety of reasons where an individual may not be at fault. As such, likely business men would be reluctant to launch new business ventures due to uncertain success or unpredictable markets. In such a scenario there lays the possibility of losing one s personal property to repay any debts that a failed business

Social Work Child Observation Report - 1545 Words

The Negotiation. Introduction. This work is aimed at describing the process of negotiating an agreement to carry out a child observation in a school. It will explain my role as a social work student in the process of negotiating observation agreement with the school. Some of the issues considered in my negotiation were confidentiality, ethical issues and values, consent, communication, legal issues, professionalism, skill, voluntary participation of participant, contingency plan and limitations. The name of the child observed in this work will not be included for data protection and confidentiality reason. This is supported by the (Data Protection Act, 1998, Healthcare Professionals Council, 2016, The British Association of Social†¦show more content†¦They argued that the use of written agreement set out task, boundaries, limitations and any future work. In addition, Person and Thomas (2010) argues that agreements promote trust, empathy, show limitation, set out clear boundaries and promotes mutual respo nsibilities. Similarly, Healy (2012) argues that social worker must be respectful, honest and transparent when working with a family. The second stage of the negotiation was to take the draft copy of the agreement letter to show my lecturer at the University for Approval. After the approval the agreement letter. The approved letter of agreement was now signed by myself, preschool manager and the child’s parent. This agreement shows that the preschool and parent of the child has granted me their consent to observe this child. The parents and their child were not coerced into participating in this observation to ensure voluntary participation and the parents and the child were free to change their mind at any stage of the observation. Reflection of the process of negotiation. Social workers need to develop a good observation skill for them to be able to do their work effectively because communication is one of the key tool which social work use (BASW, 2014, HCPC, 2016 and Healy, 2012). Therefore, having good observation skills is relevant in social work. Healy (2012) suggested that communication could be verbal and non-verbal methods of communication. Social worker make use both verbal and non-verbal method ofShow MoreRelatedChild Study1040 Words   |  5 Pagespermission What is a child study Why I am doing this child study What an observation is Important factors to consider when carrying out a child study Five areas of child development P.I.L.E.S Types of observations I used. Were the study took place. Child profile/description of the child. Child observation 1 – Physical narrative Child observation2 – language Flow chart Child observation 3- cognitive- Narritive. Child Observation 4 social -check list. Observation 5 language. OverallRead MoreIdentify and Respond to Children and Young People at Risk of Harm1159 Words   |  5 Pages1. List the observations that together indicate possible ‘risk of significant harm’ Risk of harm is the indication that the child may suffer physical, emotional, and psychological harm because of neglect by the parent or guardian responsible for his care. In Jamelle’s case, indication includes physical signs like; †¢ Various large bruises †¢ Smelling strong urine stale †¢ Dirty and unwashed skin †¢ Lack of fresh changing clothes †¢ Vomiting †¢ Bloodshot eyes †¢ Psychological l problems suchRead MoreEssay on Child Development Observation1013 Words   |  5 PagesIn this assignment I am going to describe a child observation that I have done in a nursery for twenty minutes in a play setting. I will explain the strengths and weaknesses of naturalistic observation through the key developmental milestones based in Mary Sheridan (2005) check-list and provide a theoretical explanation to support the naturalistic observation. First of all I would like to explain why the child observation is important for social workers. It is important because it focus on theRead MoreSupervising Professional Interview Form.767 Words   |  4 Pagesevaluation/intervention practices.  · What formal assessment tools do you use? The assessments that she used are teaching strategies Gold and Summary of Developmental Progress and Planning Report.  · What informal assessments do you use? Could you give some examples?  · She uses play-based assessment, observation, notes, verbal progression and daily shots notes book for the parent, toys, and sing. Are there assessment activities that I can do? Playing with children, using sign language, and interactingRead MoreEffects of Daycare on Children1301 Words   |  6 Pagesof a child’s life it’s crucial that the child gets the care and attention they need. For children to receive the best care and attention it’s best they stay home with their parents because it’s more influential on their development. However, in order to make a living parents need to re-enter the work force which then leaves them with the decision of which care would be best. This being said, most parents are left with the only option of sending their child to daycare. Being that the parents are leftRead MorePrimitive Speech Stages Of Children1596 Words   |  7 Pages1. Primitive speech stage Birth to 2 years – this is a period where the child will learn, imitate words, tries to name object, will begin to speak and emotionally react by crying or socially respond by laughing. 2. Naà ¯ve psychological stage 2 to 4 years – Words are used as symbol are fully understood to express the objects and will expand their knowledge to identify more objects around their environment. 3. Egocentric stage 4 to 7 years – Children will talk louder to be heard or seeking attentionRead MoreReport Intellectual Child Development for Children Age 9 to 11 Early Adolescence1685 Words   |  7 PagesReport Intellectual Child development of Children age 9 to 11 Early adolescence or â€Å"Are you smarter than 10 years old?† [pic] Mariela Zlateva Contents 1 Introduction 2 Background 3 Intellectual characteristics of children age 9-11 4. Observation 5. Conclusion 6. References 7. Glossary Read MoreThe Child Abuse1598 Words   |  7 Pagesfinally a variation in consequence. These three topics tie into the child abuse report article quite well. First variation over time is a big point I the child abuse case. There is a prime example of this when they mention the number of child abuse reports in 1963 were a mere 150k and in 1993 they had risen to around three million. Another example is that at one point only physicians who saw extreme cases were allowed to report the abuse while now days it’s a wide variety of people including physiciansRead MoreStudent Observation Report Essay1012 Words   |  5 Pages Confidential   The names in this Observation Report have been changed to protect the privacy of the parents and the child. Student’s Name : Calvin Sex : Male Place of Observation : Inside the classroom of County Preschool. Time of Observation : In the morning, 10.30 a.m. and it was a sunny day. General View : †¢ The classroom was pretty well organized ( clean, tidy and many facilities inside such as books, games, a computer and so on ) †¢ It was a pretty large group in theRead MoreBusiness Research1332 Words   |  6 Pagesthose of observations. Under which circumstance could you make a case for using observation? The advantages are when observation is implemented, the five senses are also implemented. Data collection occurs by touching a product, smelling a product, reading a product, listening to a product, and in some cases tasting a product as well. Observation is the only method available to gather information from the study, records, mechanical processes, and young children. Through observation, the data

Cultural Dimensions in Management and Planning †MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about the Cultural Dimensions in Management and Planning. Answer: Introduction: The following report is going to illustrate and comment on the news story pertaining to the decision taken by Uber Australia and its unfair job cut to the drivers. it has been noticed that the drivers in Uber are not considered to be their employees and they are hardly regarded as the valuable internal stakeholders of the organization. These unfair dismissals have raised controversies in the global business plinth. According to the news story published in the Business Insider, the contractor relationship has been worsened by the company in deliberate manner. This has raised questions pertaining to the longevity of the career in Uber by innumerable drivers. This is how they have knocked the door of Fair Work Commission thus talking about their professional rights. The report is thus going to address and identify the issues related to international human resource practices thus focusing on the basic structure of the entire case that was highly effective for its different understanding of the cases in relation to cross cultural and multidimensional human resource issues (Hofstede,1984). In this case this has been taken into certain consideration pertaining to the effective understanding of the cases that has been taken into serious concern with specific reference to the selected news story. It has been found that Uber, an international private hire company headquartered in the United States of America has been popping up in the headlines due to its unfair business relations with the employees- to be specific, the drivers. In this context, it has been taken into certain consideration pertaining to the effective understanding of how the business process of the company is driven through the utter success. According to the news article published in the Business Insider, dated June 30, 2017, several drivers in collaboration with Rideshare Drivers Association have filed a case related to Unfair Dismissal against Uber Australia. the main issue and agitation among the drivers is that the company does not classify the drivers as the employees. In this context, the relationship between the employees and the employer is seen to be at stake. As a matter of fact, this has been taken into certain consideration pertaining to the acceptance of the greater number of the drivers who have been a significant part of the rideshare giant. In this context, it can be stated that in most of the cases the basic understanding of the process pertaining to the entire criteria of the issues have been taken into certain consideration because of thorough negligence towards the drivers by the company. As a matter of fact, this has to be studied through the effective understanding of the process where the business effect is highly channelized by core human resource management process. The term driver-partners undoubtedly rejects the drivers to be accepted as employees of the company. Hence the drivers feel extremely insecure that they are not going to be handled seriously as the employees of an organization are regarded. On top of that Uber, according Business Insider, has not even responded and reacted to the case that has been filed against them. Thus it becomes evident that the company accepts the fact that the drivers are not the employees. Considering the human resource acceptance of any company a logical consideration is going to be developed with the help of international human resource practices and its related theoretical approaches (Sparrow, Brewster Chung, 2016). Problem Statement: At the basic of the human resource management practices, the security issues of the employees becomes the most important concern for each and every working individual and the organization (Baum, 2016). Rudimentarily, the monetary benefits and organization dignity is going to be the most important factor for the retention of the most of the employees. So far the concept of employee retention is concerned; in international business, there are different understandings of the process. It actually varies from the cultural concept. Two different theories have been incorporated while discussing the aforementioned problem. Moreover, the identification of the problem has also focus on the basic changes pertaining to the basic understanding of the process. Two of the most important theories have been taken into account for the further illustration and analysis of the issues. These are: Hofstedes Theory of Cultural Dimension Trompenaars Theory of National Cultural Differences Hofstedes Cultural Dimension: According to the cultural dimension model propelled by Hofstede, an effective difference in the mode of communication would be quite impactful in determining the human resource management practices for international business. he has talked About sex different dimensions. These are: Power Distance Index (PDI) Individualism vs Collectivism (IDV) Uncertainty Avoidance Index (UAI) Masculinity vs Femininity (MAS) Long Term orientation vs Short Term Orientation (LTO) Indulgence vs Restraints (IND) It has been identified through detailed study that in Australia, most of the taxi drivers are from India and Bangladesh. According an article of NEWS.COM, the Indian born taxi drivers have almost outnumbered the native Australian workers. Hence, the process of addressing is stringently the native Indian or Bangladeshi style. According to ABS Census report more than 4000 drivers are Indian-born. This number is effectively concentrated in South Australia and Victoria. Hence, it can be stated that the drivers working under Uber are mostly Indians. In this case, the cultural dimension has different conception in relation with an American company such as Uber. Uber being an American company has been doing business in different countries with its native mindset. This has been the major setback for the company because it has actually failed to understand the mindset of the Indian born drivers in Australian scenario. In this context, this has been taken into certain consideration pertaining to the fact that the basic changes in the mode of the differentiation of the process has been kept within the organizational perspectives. The Indians are much more family oriented than the Australian born individuals. Hence, it becomes important for the companies to become responsible for the security issues of the employees. In this case, UAI or Uncertainty Avoidance Index of Hofstedes cultural dimension is going to be taken into consideration. Since USA is stringently individual in sense, there has been a thorough problem for considering collective workforce. Analysis through Trompennaars Model: Trompenaar has focused on the national cultural differences as an impacting force upon the human resource management decisions. While illustrating the issues associated with the Uber drivers in Australia, the concept of universalism and particularism has been taken into account (Ferraro Briody, 2017). The national culture in Australia is specifically different from that of the United States. In this specific case, there is an intra-national difference associated with the labor market structure. Since the drivers are mostly Asian in culture, they somehow take more time to cope-up with the Australian culture. However, in order to take the drivers mentality into the US procedure, Uber has actually problematically dealt with the issues. Since most of the Uber drivers in Australia are Asian, they look forward to the job as their career. It needs to be taken into account that the Asians, in terms of job responsibility are highly and stringently associated with their family. Their family values are prioritized and they are extremely responsive to their family orientations. In this case, the drivers and their families are highly dependent upon the work they do with the organization. Here comes the conflict of individualism with collectivism. In this context, it can be stated that the basic concept regarding the factor has been taken into certain understanding of the factor that was highly comparative for the basic changes in the global issues. Conclusion: It is to be noted that the Uber drivers in the United Kingdom are now considered as the employees of the company (Osborne, 2017). They are no more self-employed. The self-employed Uber drivers are actually deprived of holiday pay, pensions and the other workers rights. There has been a huge lacuna of communication between the management and the independent drivers or to be specific, independent contractors. In terms of international consideration of the drivers, some of the national courts have agreed to the fact and some of the courts have opted not to support the company in legitimate manner because the drivers, being tagged as independent do not receive security assurance. This is the major setback for the company because it has actually failed to understand the mindset of the Indian born drivers in Australian scenario. In this context, this has been taken into certain consideration pertaining to the fact that the basic changes in the mode of the differentiation of the process has been kept within the organizational perspectives. The Indians are much more family oriented than the Australian born individuals. Hence, it becomes important for the companies to become responsible for the security issues of the employees. It can thus be concluded that the company needs to focus on workforce diversities where there are different people working in various countries. The index needs to b e identified and it has to be taken into certain consideration pertaining to the effective work culture. Reference: Baum, T. (Ed.). (2016).Human resource issues in international tourism. Elsevier. Budhwar, P. S., Debrah, Y. A. (Eds.). (2013).Human resource management in developing countries. Routledge. Ferraro, G. P., Briody, E. K. (2017).The cultural dimension of global business. Taylor Francis. Hofstede, G. (1984). Cultural dimensions in management and planning.Asia Pacific journal of management,1(2), 81-99. Osborne, H. (2017).Uber loses right to classify UK drivers as self-employed.the Guardian. Retrieved 5 October 2017, from https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2016/oct/28/uber-uk-tribunal-self-employed-status Snell, S. A., Morris, S., Bohlander, G. W. (2015).Managing human resources. Nelson Education. Sparrow, P., Brewster, C., Chung, C. (2016).Globalizing human resource management. Routledge.

innovation technology Essays - Group Processes, Social Psychology

The importance of peer relationship on development is that the life of children peer influence and friendship becomes different as he or she become more mature. In addition, children that lack the skills to structure a close or fulfillment relationship with his or her peers should be a concern to parents as well as teachers. On the other hand, these children lack opportunities to learn social skills which are of great significance or value in every part of their lives. Especially critical are the skills require to cause a process or action to begin and keep social relationship as well as settle social conflict, compromise, and tact Asher (1982). In other words, children that lack a continuous peer emotional or personal association with someone will miss the opportunity to construct a sense of social self-confidence. Likewise, these children have created no faith within his or her own talent that enables him or her to achieve success. In addition, these children are easily defeated by the ups and down of social interaction. The future implication of these children social and profession adjustment are predictable and lacking in subtle. In addition, social development is enhanced because a child learns to conform to established social standards outside of his or her home setting. The expectations of the larger society are reinforced. To become autonomous the child must also learn to achieve independence from the family, especially parents. Making and keeping friends are essential to children?s positive social development, so important that children without friends by the primary years are considered at risk for overall school success Bullock(1993). What Parents need to know about Peer Relationship ?Peer Relationship in early years oCentered around school-age children oDislike and negative perceived ?Determinants and consequences of early peer difficulties oPhysical attribute oSpeech problems ?Shyness oIdentifying these behaviors early and assessing whether or not they lead to later difficulties may help in preventing peer relation problems later on Bissonnette, Catherine Micahel (2006). Starting Out Early: What Parents Need to Know About Peer Rlationship retrieved on September 10, 2011 from http.www. education .com How Can Parents Help Help children recognize his or her own needs Increase children awareness of his or her social goals and the goals of others. Help children develop effective social skills teach children to recognize others? emotions and intentions reflect with children on how his or her behavior effects others by pointing out what is predictable on his or her interactions highlight children success by helping them learn to monitor his or her behavior avoid telling children who his or her friends are There are various types of software available that will decrease the time on computer for internet sites most visited (chat room included). For this reason, there are many young females and males that are lured away form home because of chat room.. References: Asher, S. R., P. D. Renshaw, and S. Hymel. "Peer Relations and the Development of Social Skills." In THE YOUNG CHILD: REVIEWS OF RESEARCH. VOLUME 3, edited by S. G. Moore and C. R. Cooper. Washington, D.C.: National Association for the Education of Young Children, 1982. Retrieved on September 9, 2011 from http// www.ericdigests.org/pre-923/peer.htm Bissonnette, Catherine Micahel (2006). Starting Out Early: What Parents Needto Know About Peer Relationship retrieved on September 10, 2011 from http.www. education .com

Advancements essays

Advancements essays Some of the advancements made in technology during the 1790s started off when the industry could not be stimulated overnight, because it required technology and the willingness of businessmen to invest time and capital for the long term. In 1788, the Pennsylvania Society for the encouragement of Manufactures and the useful arts introduced spinning jennies to their textile factory in Philadelphia. The jennies threatened to displace home spinners by producing cheaper yarn and thread. Another brand new technology that appeared was in 1790, Samuel Slater brought a new phase in American cloth production by building a textile mill in Pawtucket, Rhode Island, using water power to run the sinning machines. No satisfactory power loom existed, so Slaters mill performed only the first two steps of cloth production (preparing the cloth fibers for spinning, and spinning the thread.) He then used the putting-out system of distributing the thread to families, who produced the cloth at home. One more person who made an impact on the advancement of technology in the 1790s was Oliver Evans. He apprenticed as a wagon maker and became intrigued with machines. Evans heard that the Scottish inventor James Watt improved the steam engine a few years earlier. Evans began building his own model but for lack of money, thirty years passed before he actually installed a high pressure steam engine in his gypsum fertilizer factory in Philadelphia. This was the first such application of steam power to an industrial setting. Evans also developed the idea of automating mills. He devised water powered machinery for large grist mills that allowed one worker instead of three to supervise all the steps of producing flour. ...

How impetuously Essays

How impetuously Essays How impetuously Paper How impetuously Paper Rationality, oppose to impetuosity, means that before one makes a decision, one would deliberate over the decision and forethought about the outcome to make sure he decision is reasonable and wise. Shakespearean play of Romeo Juliet, conveys the message of how that tiny spark of impetuosity during ones teenage years can lead to negative and devastating consequences, of which changed ones life forever in a not favorable way. Romeo, the protagonist of the play, is a perfect example of a teenager whose decisions and actions are based on impetuosity. Take Romeos love affair between Rosalie and Juliet for Instance. In the beginning of the play, Romeo was lamenting to Benevolent how he loved Rosalie, how Roseanne Is the only live of his life, and how he could not live without her. One fairer than my love? The all-seeing sun Newer saw her match since first world begun ( Act 1, Scene 2, 94-95) However, he abandoned the love for Rosalie instantly upon seeing Juliet for the first time. Now, Rosalie was a sworn maiden, so Romeos surrender of his love to her does not affect her. But Juliet is not, imagine how would Juliet react to the same situation had Romeo done the same thing to her? Would not she be devastated and scarred? This shows that during ones teenage years, one can be very fickle about love, which may result in someone getting hurt physically and mentally. Another good demonstration of Romeos impetuousness is the marriage to Juliet. Romeo had only known Juliet for an extremely short amount of time. But Romeo still decides to marry Juliet within hours of seeing her for the first time. This Decision was completely unnecessary and Impetuous for first, he knows minimal Information about Juliet, and second, Juliet Is a Caplet. He sworn enemy of his family. This decision would Likely cause outrage and a feeling of shame and dishonor among the two families, therefore originating inevitable feud and fights between the two families which can cause furthermore trouble as the Prince of Verona is not very kind towards feud and fights. Also because Romeo know minimal information about Juliet, he is likely to find himself stranded in a unhappy marriage as bad marriage often happens if one does not know his or her partner well. In addition to Romeos impetuousness, upon seeing Gullets fake-death, he decides to kill himself, despite the fact he noticed obvious signs of life in the face of Juliet. O my love, my wife! Death, that hath sucked the honey of thy breath. Hath had no power yet upon thy beauty. Thou art not conquered. Beauty Is ensign yet Is crimson In thy lips and In thy cheeks. And deaths pale flag Is not advanced there. (Act 5, scene 3, 91-96)The tragic death of Romeo In the end was also expected Tort teens AT Nils age are Kelly to De Impetuous, also Decease en Knows nothing about Juliet. The impetuousness is in the end what killed him. Likewise to Romeo, another character who exemplifies how impetuous decision can cause negative consequences would be Juliet. Which likewise to Romeo, also ended with a tragic death. Juliet had made many impetuous decisions throughout the play, some of which were very similar to Romeos decisions. Such as proposing the idea of marriage to Romeo, in spite of the fact the she knew Rome was a Montague, the sworn enemy of her family. My only love sprung from my only hate. (Act 1, Scene 5, 136) This can lead to greater feud between the two families and bring trouble upon her family as explained in Paragraph one. Furthermore, Juliet let Romeo into her room the night before Romeos banishment, it is extremely impetuous, for anyone could have walked in on the couple any moment and they would find themselves in a very tangled situation where Romeo could find himself killed because back then it loud be considered a dishonor upon the female side fam ilys reputation. Finally, upon finding Romeo dead, Juliet also decides to end herself by stabbing herself in the chest. She did not even contemplate any other choices or ideas. Mime, Noise? Then I will be brief. O happy dagger, this is thy sheath, there rust and let me die. (Act 5, Scene 3, 169-171) Does this scene not seem familiar? As Romeo reacted the same way when he saw her? This further approves that teenagers are impetuous by nature therefore can cause negative consequences such as death. Shown from previous example, Romeo and Juliet are very impetuous. However, the most impetuous character in the play can only be no other but Table. Known for his tyrannous temper and impetuous attitude, Tables impetuousness is beyond any characters in the play. Which also likewise to other impetuous characters, ended with a tragic death. For instance, at Lord Caplets party, he has to be restrained from attempting to duel with Romeo and killing him even though Lord Caplet, his uncle, told him not to. This, by his voice, should be a Montague. Fetch me my Rapier, boy. What, dares the slave come hither, covered with an antic face, to fleer and scorn at our solemnity? Now by the stock and honor of my kin, to strike him dead I hold it not a sin! (Act 1, Scene 5, 51-57) Moreover to his impetuosity at the party he also decides that he would accept the duel with Meretricious, despite acknowledging the fact that he would be severely punished by the Prince of Verna. Whats even more impetuous is that, after killing Meretricious; he also accepted the duel with Romeo, instead of running away, now he have 2 guild on him which would cost him his life even if he did sly Romeo. Thou wretched boy, you hung out with him here, and youre going to go to heaven with him. Act 3, scene 1, 126-127) This final act of impetuosity in the end cost him his life, for Romeo slays him. From the paradigms of bloodshed and death caused by the characters impetuous decision. Shakespeare was clear about how teenagers can end up in negative consequences if he or she were to act impetuously. Had Romeo, Juliet, or Table even Just contemplated those decisions for a second, they would have not end up dead. Just as the saying goes Few things are brought to a successful issue by impetuous desire, but most by calm and prudent forethought. Discusses, Greek Historian, and Athenian General

Buddhism Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Buddhism - Research Paper Example Buddha taught people that awakening and enlightenment comes through self realization and it has nothing to do with one’s beliefs and ideals. After Buddha’s death, his followers spread his teachings to distant places and Buddhism appeared as a new religion in Asia; today it is the fourth largest religion of the world (Fisher ). Siddhartha Gautama was born to King Suddhodana of Shakya near Nepal in 583 B.C. His mother died soon after giving birth to Siddhartha. It was predicted by one of the holy men of Suddhodana’s court that Siddhartha will be a great conqueror or a great spiritual leader in future; his father was delighted to hear this because he wanted his son to be a great conqueror. Siddhartha spent his early life in his palaces in great luxuries; he was being trained to become a great prince and conqueror, therefore, his father kept him away from the realities of life and the disturbing thoughts of any religion. Siddhartha Gautama went out of his palace for the first time at the age of 29. He was amazed to see the life of people living outside the palace as he observed an aged man, a sick man and a corpse during his journey. The bitter realities of life greatly aggrieved him and the prince started to think about the truth behind this life. Siddhartha started to take journeys out of his palace; during one of such experiences he saw an ascetic. He was told that ascetics are people who leave the worldly life in search of the divine truth. Impressed by the life of ascetics, Gautama decided that he would start searching for the realities of life on his own (Armstrong). Gautama along with his five disciples started off their journey in pursuit of truth of life by visiting the renowned religious scholars of that time (Serinity). After months of learning of almost every known religion of the time in that area of the world, Gautama was not satisfied as a lot of questions remained unanswered in his mind. Therefore, he and his five disciples deci ded that they will search for enlightenment themselves through physical suffering and meditation. A series of physical sufferings which included extreme fasting, holding of breath and enduring great pain taught Gautama about the suffering and pain in the life of human beings. Gautama has already experienced a life of great pleasures at his palace; therefore, at this stage he had personally experienced both extremes of life. However, he wanted to find out a middle way, a life to end the sufferings of people. During one of his rounds of meditation, Gautama recalled his childhood experience when his mind achieved a state of deep peace and satisfaction. This made him realize that the reality of life can be found out by achieving peace of mind. At this point he decided to end fasting because he felt the need of energy in his quest for reality of life. But when Gautama ended his fast, his companions thought he has ended the quest to find the truth of life and abandoned him. After this, he continued his pursuit of enlightenment through long meditations and soon achieved the peace of mind he wanted and, thus, he believed himself to be enlightened because he found out the reality of life (Serinity). During the immediate period which followed his enlightenment, Gautama did not want to teach whatever he had learned about life because he thought that the

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Issue 13 yes 2510 - Essay Example According to her findings, FGC was performed for more than one reason. However, feminists and other ideologists have made us to believe that the act was meant to subordinate women in a men dominated society. The author argues that neither of these reasons was meant to subordinate women since women undertook the cut willingly. Moreover, the author rubbishes claims that the cut was meant to make women sexually passive. This argument is supported by biological results, stating that the clitoris is not the only critical point for women’s sexual satisfaction. Besides this argument, all the women interviewed for the survey confirmed their support for FGC (Ahmadu, 2000). Indeed, even well educated women supported FGC as part of African culture and traditions. I consider the author’s argument acceptable to the best of my knowledge. This is neither because FGC is meant to subordinate women nor supposed to make them sexually passive. Indeed, the cut was performed with purposes that were best known to individual societies. Furthermore, neither of the societies practiced forceful FGC. Thus, people should be left alone to decide what is good for them without brainwashing them into believing feminist ideologist. Currently, even the most educated African women support FGC. Ahmadu, F. (2000). â€Å"Rites and Wrongs: Excision and Power among Kono Women of Sierra Leone†. In Bettina Shell-Duncan and Ylva Hernlund, (Eds.) Female â€Å"Circumcision† in Africa: Culture, Change, and Controversy. Boulder, CO: Lynne

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Luxury Brand Is An Illusion Cultural Studies Essay

Luxury Brand Is An Illusion Cultural Studies Essay What is a luxury fashion brand? To understand the luxury we have to have a taste for it. Hallmark of the taste re ­sts in sensitivity, from feelings. Every one has a different taste, but it is indispensable for eve ­ryone. Someone has a taste of luxury, and he can not afford to buy cheap thinks. Luxury brands work on an equal basis. We are not born with the right taste as well as there are no born masters in the right taste for fashion. Perfect luxury fashion brand consist of many ele ­ments, as a result of harmony. People wear different brands to express their personal style but also social and class relationships. Luxury brand can help them to be on higher social level, but is it true? Someone can buy one luxury model and to imersonate for rich people in the upper class. A lot of people can buy a Louis Vuitton bag, because it is the Louis Vuitton bag. They do not buy it, because of the quality. These people buy it because of the brand. But it everything depends on the taste, someone will buy the bag because of the quality, another one, because of the brand. The purpose of this dissertation is to clarify the identity and advertisement of the brands and to find out how they make the luxury illusion. The thesis traces the basic growth of the luxury. It depicts not only the growth of the luxury, but mainly the luxury fashion brands as Louis Vuitton, Gucci, Dolce Gabbana and Chanel. Their brand image, advertisement and placement in the luxury world. Buying the luxury products can represent that less people use to buy luxury products comparing to products concerning the physiologic needs. Paradoxically, the luxury products have become the property of the general public. Every star has a connection with monogram LV. Why this or the other luxury brands change the world? Why everyone want to be stigmatizing by the logo LV? To own the luxury Vuitton bag is a dream of a lot of women. It can be fetisch, prestige, snobbery, fashion, lust for luxury, quality or just not to be different from the other world. Vuitton is the McDonalds of the luxury industry, says Dana Thomas The logo LV is known worldwide as the logo of McDonald ´s. 2. The concept of luxury What is the definition of luxury? The perception of luxury is relative. People from various cultures can define luxury differently. The role of the luxury has been important from the beginning of civilisation as it is in modern society. Earlier, the usage of luxury was confined to the elite classes. The meaning of luxury was pretty clear. The elite classes could be defined as luxury, whatever the poor. Nowdays, it is often interpreting luxury as a phenomenon structured by rivalry for social position and social rivality. Therefor the luxury for some people may be ordinary for othrers. Luxury evokes feelings of uniqueness and exclusivity, and is characterised by products of high quality, controlled distribution and premium pricing (Okonkwo, 2009). Luxury can be also defined by something expensive and extravagant. According to Tungate (2009) theluxury can be a basic human need. People want to taste the luxury. The luxury brand endeavour to connect contrary requirements: to continue with tradition and innovation, to be authentic and at the same time to be modern. The emphasis is placed on dynamic development of the brands and primary demand for renovation and creativity. Luxury brands play an everyday role in our live. But if the luxury good can be found everywhere it loses its exclusivity and becomes ordinary. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¾The current definition of a brand has however evolved from marks, names, logos and shapes to elaborate marketing development and strategies. The result is the creation of something powerful and consistent, which has the ability to produce emotional and psychological attachment with consumers and financial value for the brand owner. (Okonkwo, 2007:9) The luxury fashion brand is created by marketing communication, an excellent quality of the product and fashionability. Louis Vuitton, Chanel, Gucci and Dolce Gabbana are very well established and succesful luxury brands.The primacies between luxuries keep the Louis Vuitton form the beggining of origin, without questions. Brand image Brand concept/identity We are what we buy, so for some of us fashion is way to express identity. Hancock, 2009 Okonkwo (2009) proposes that the brand can not be created only by name. In implication the branding concept depend on customers their feelings and perceptions from different messages from each brand. She also introduced that the brand concept and name are the main elements of the identity. The concept could be inconquerable and catchy for customers. The traditional brand concept should be always related to logo, sign or label for physical differentiation. Okonkwo defined luxury fashion brand as brand strenght, differentation, exclusivity, innovation, product craftmanship and precision, premium pricing and high quality. Brand concept and image is essentially how the consumers perceive the brand identity. The brand image is an important for consumers, how they feel about a company. Two men and one vision If Cinderella ever needed to replace her fairy godmother, she would call Dolce Gabbana. This design team creates products that sparkle and has managed to change the staunch and uptight image of luxury fashion, making it fun and exciting for everyone. (Hancock, 2009:53) In the year 1985 Domenic Dolce and Stefano Gabbana have gone down to the fashion scene. The connection of sociable Stefan and more serious and sedulous Domenic began in 1980 when they met in the design company when they worked. Their relation full of emotion, passion and love in fashion created the key of their succes. Stefano loves colours and patterns. While Domenico loves sharp cut shapes and a perfect style. Their brand shows lifestyle of modern live on the based of tradition. Dolce Gabbana has very strong brand image. Dolce Gabbana ´s advertising campaigns have added to their controversial image. (Hancock, 2009:54) Their identity celebrates women and their sexiness, although they are homosexuals. Hancock (2009) states that the stories of this brand are intended for people who were not expected to wear the luxury fashion. It can be for unusual people who do not wear the brand, but their own image. Dolce Gabbana branding story is about taking the nontraditional fashion costumer and demonstrating how they can be stylish and sophisticated in their own way. (Hancock, 2009:53) According to Hancock, Domenico and Stefan are sometimes part of their own advertisements and campaigns as models. They want to reflect the spirit, reputation and image of the brand. Gucci Italian named Guccio Gucci had a passion for horse, from this reason he decided to establish a business with leather accesories designate for the purpose of riding horse, in 1921. While Guccio attend his passion throughout his life, his three sons aspired along something bigger and more succesful. For several years the Gucci brand became famous. The brand had a brilliant and classic identity represented with elegance and style. Until then Tom Ford became the creative director. He had a major influence of Gucci ´s succes, he radically change it from base. With Tom Fords vision Guccis image was reinvented. Ford has displayed highly sexual images through his design, fashion shows and advertising. The importance of the Gucci brand positioning is that is distinctive and has an aura of exclusivity amongst its target audience. Gucci has a wide range of products ranging from shoes, watches, jewellery, clothes, perfumes, eyewear, baby wear, home goods (including furniture, bedding and wallpaper), luggage, handbags and gifts (even including gadgets for pets). The brand identity of Gucci can include the double G symbol, the Gucci webbing the red and green pattern, the horse bit, the Gucci ´s signature, the monogram whit the double G symbol and a flower print called the Flora print. Everything from these attributes is visible in each of the collection. Gucci use different promotional strategies than for example Louis Vuitton. Gucci incorporates shocking issues in their marketing strategy to promote brand imagery, Louis Vuitton use celebrity. The image and aura of prestige surrounding Gucci gives added value to the products. This is created through advertising, innovative designers and the whole experience of buying Gucci à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¾A great dress exist just for an instant maximum, until the end of the party. Fashion is all illusion. Appearance is all illusion. And this moment of perception of beauty is what matters most. But this moment goes away, it wears off. Tom Ford Louis Vuitton The history of modern luxury goes down to the foretime. In 1854 Louis Vuitton and his wife established their own company with travelling case. Louis was made famous for crafting the luggage for Napoleon. It is reason why the brand has become synonymous with luggage and in particular handbags. Louis opened his store and established Maison Louis Vuitton. Always a visionary, he invented the first flat trunk, a model that was ingenious, elegant, and strong the first modern luggage. Travelling took on a luxurious attribute. A legend was born. (Pasols, 2007:51) The succes of this brand became immediatelly. (Pasols, 2007:54) Nowdays, the handbags and suitcase Louis Vuitton are rhe symbols of social situation over the world. LV monogram design can be considered as the first brand on the product. It was developed in 1896 to prevent from falsification. Nevertheless Louis Vuitton is the most counterfeit brand in the fashion history. This company carefully cultivates celebrities and had used famous models and actresses in their campaigns. LV has a strong support of brand images. Last ten years was very succesful for Louis Vuitton mainly because of Marc Jacobs, the creative director from 1997. The charismatic designer assumed by simplicity and colour scheme. The principal leather goods lines of Louis Vuitton are: the Monogram line, a historical canvas created in 1896, also available in Monogram vernis, mini, satin, multico and denim; the Damier line in three colours, ebony, blue azur and the Damier Graphite line for men, launched in 2008; the Cuir Epi line, offered in nine colours, the TaÃÆ' ¯ga line for men in four colours (LouisVuitton.com, 2010) The symbol of Louis Vuitton is the monogram that appears on each of the products of Louis Vuitton provides. This symbol has an international success and represents the key symbol of the brand. One point that influences the reputation of LV is their communication and marketing strategy. Louis Vuitton does not use TV and radio to communicate. They publish commercials in fashion magazines, but not in the public places. Chanel Nothing is more beautiful than freedom of the body. (Bott, 2007:28) Emancipated liberal but also angry and egocentric Frenchwoman delivers woman ´s body from corset. Coco Chanel has enforced princip of elegance and simplicity. In 1909 Coco opened her first hatter ´s in Paris. From 1913 she started to produce also fashion and opened fashion houses firstly in spa centers. In 1919 has founded her own butique in Deauville and Biarritz with the financial help of Arthur Capel. The butique is still there. Coco has enriched the fashion world. Chanel ´s iconic symbols are Chanel No. 5, jewelry, and of cource the black dress. The fashion icon Chanel died in 1971, fortunately, her brothers adopted the brand and they have kept the great reputation of Chanel. Succesfull fashion designer Karl Lagerfeld is the creative director from 1983. Lagerfeld has observed the stylish elegance and unconvential themes of famous Coco Chanel. The monogram double C has been still the most famous brand of haute couture. The timeless Chanel brand is a perfect illustration of the house ´s determination and talent for  ´suprising without shocking ´. (Bott,2007:7) Promotion, place of distribution Promotion plays an important role in communicationin luxury fashion idustry. Understandably, one of the main indicators of promotion is advertising. Advertising communicate via message of the brand. Promotion has an enormous influence to costumers, through the images, colourful composition, design and atmosphere of the campaigns and even the store and architecture connected with the luxury brand. Okonkwo, 144 The advertisement of luxury fashion brands is placed mainly in fashion and lifestyle magazines, because of there are the target audience. The stores are also very important for promotion. Stores of these luxury brands are located on expensive high street locations. For example the window of Gucci ´s store portrait a provocative images. But the interior of every luxury fashion brand have a free flow layout as its visually appealing and allows consumers to browse comfortably. Everything including dà ©cor is rich and classic to add to the atmosphere of the store. The sleslaidies are often dressed all in black and ready to assist consumers in any way. Even the security guard is suitably dressed to add to the image. Advertisement Advertisement is all around us. It becomes a strange in marketing communication, psychology and design. It can be a key method in building of identity of luxury brands. It helps to create the illusion of luxury. Design should be about creating the advertisement or campaign with a purpose. In addition, the advertisements of luxury brands are means of communicating the brands ´story, starting from their history and development to their personality and image, products and service (Okonkwo, 2007:145) SEX SELLS Sexual context and provocative pose are in the advertisement for everything nowdays. From parfumes and underwear up to food. But nobody take exception to this. Sex in the advertisement occuring the media. Costumers want to see this. In every fashion magazines is at least one sexy advertisement. The fashion adverts in fashion, or lifestyle magazines are given mainly for woman. These fashion campaigns do not degrade woman as an object for men ´s pleasure.The fashion industry wants to captivate. This kind of advertisement can be shocking, but not original. Dolce Gabbana ´s campaigns go hand in hand with their image. Advertising must reflect a company ´s capability to convey strong brand images to the global market. (Hancock, 2009:65) The controversial campaigns are the key of their succes. Their campaigns tell a story with an Italian character, sensual and unique style. The main illusion of any luxury brand creates the image of various campaigns. The photographer has an enormous influence on the branding process. (Tungate, 2008:103) The photographers create the image that brings the brand to life. (Tungate, 2008:105) Stephen Klein photographed spring campaign for Dolce Gabbana in 2008. The luxury products are defined by the quality and uniquenees. Photos and advertisement from the campaigns could have the quality and uniqueness as well as the products. Steven Klein ´s pictures are original, unrepeatable and unique as Dolce Gabbana. What is the real signification of his work? He is almost perfect master in coloured interpretation of pistures and light moods, dark, erotic, surreal and visual aesthetics. All of these images have an atmosphere and feelings. Klein ´s specialisation of his work can be focused mainly on the colours. The colourful representation of Klein ´s pictures is the one part which makes it perfect. Colorful precision create every detail and tone for the final view. All of these details and tones have their own reason. Most of the campaigns photographed by him make the dramatical colorful impression. Light as the most important component for creating of the photographic image, is one of the fundamental parts for the author ´s handwritten. Play of lights and shadows make the campaign clear and readable. The other significant part for creating of the photographic image is undoubtedly the composition. Particular components create the composition. Campaign for Dolce Gabbana 2004 can be the clear example of the perfect composition. The whole gathering of people and object has never been accidental, rather on the contrary. The composition is very specificly elaborated from the beginning. For viewer the picture is clearly arranged across a lot of components. At the photography are ten people in the space of an attic apartment with various objects. The coloured carpet, pictures on the wall, lamps, books and magazines. Despite of the image is synoptical. In the left part of photography is a man standing next to the window. Later became visible his violent yellow shoes, which is given to the space by view through underneath the table. On the table is another man standing, this time with blue shoes. The blue is given to the space in the composition again. Girls on the sofa have their legs m atted together. Therefor their figures are not deformed. The girl in front of the image is outstanding mainly because of the colourful shoes, which she wears. All of the images and people from the photography sophisticetely look out and the models do not appeal brokenly. The feeling from this campaign can be random people just accidentally met there. The women from Klein ´s photographs have enormous long legs, their countenance is lost in dreams and stress the clothes. The women ´s body is exponentiated by motion. Their gesture should express a specific dynamism and earnestness. The models are often captured in a motion of walk, moving of their hands, or beckward bend. Backswept create an excelent effect the position can be very unnatural, but the issue is more interesting. In Dolce Gabbana 2006 campaign Klein use the powerful motion. The image applies dynamism, however not dramatically. The detail was seeting to model ´s hands, concretely their fingers. It adds the appropriate elegance. The persons are mutually affected and tell a story by this. According to Hancock (2009) each of the ads is a story that increases the brand ´s mysterious image. Hancock also proposes that their campaigns are almost cinematic. Steven Klein as well as Dolce Gabbana has found an inspiration in some celebrities in between we can include Maddona. The woman of a lot of faces, already the whole world admires, has always wanted to be an idol of women and men. Nowdays, Madonna indicates a trend not only in music, but also in fashion and style. And she is inspiration for others. It was a good step to use Madonna as an icon for their campaigns. Madonna created a perfect illusion for the brand in the new campaign 2010. The images should showcase an intimate, real aspect to the ultimate icons life.   She was interprated as a typical Italian, maybe perfect woman, wife and mother. Woman want to be like her, in spite of that it is not real. The whole campaign radiates an energy, Italian temperament and strain. Maddona was portrayed during everydays situation shopping, washing dishes, and other housework. But openely, is it real Madonna? No, it is just the perfect illusion of the new campaign. Another luxury fashion brand with very sexual advertisement is Gucci. Tom Ford started in 1990 as a designer for Gucci. After four years he became the creative director and he had a responsibility about all of the product lines fashion, perfumes, the brand image, advertising and campaigns and even design of shops. Gucci creates controversial advertising such as the promotion of Opium perfume with a naked photo of Sophie Dahl. This caused uproar in Britain and was banned by the advertising standards, as it accounted for a third of all complaints about poster adverts. However this campaign managed to win advertising awards throughout Europe. Gucci under the direction of Tom Ford had a several scandals campaigns. Really good example of the shocking sexual and scandal campaign was spring/summer 2003; model Carmen Kass and logo Gucci in the place where it would not be. She is  pulling down her knickers and showing off body hair shaved into the letter G. This campaign was photographed by Mario Testino. We can give him a name: realism of luxury. He is known for his highly sophisticated, stylish, clear and fresh images; sometimes he used exotical or sexual undertone photos. But he always shock people by his controversial eyeview on the world. Testino shoted more campaigns for Gucci, but the G is the most memorable. Supermodels and sexuality sells Mario Testino worked also for Dolce Gabbana ´s, he shoted the campaign Fragrance. Models from the campaign represent a personality attached to the fragrance. For example Naomi Campbell should represent the star, while Claudia Schiffer should figure the dreamer and Eva Herzigova with Fernando Fernandes figured the players. The other significant photographer for Gucci is Terry Richardson. Richardson ´s lurid, funny, blatantly sexual pictures famously shot on an old Instamatic continue to provoke controversy today. Tungate, 107 Terry was drug addict and punk. Only these facts can be controversial in the contrast with the shiny luxury world. This man likes to take photos of nude models. It is Terry Richardson; he brought a shock, pornography, confrontation, energy and roughness to the fashion photography. The very nude woman wears nothing, just the product, placed between her legs. His images are perverse as this campaiign for Gucci ´s fregnance. Gucci campaign spring 2010 is all customary a part of a coherent themed. The pictures were probably taken in the same environment with the same overall expression. The environment, bright colours and lightening is confusing. It is not absolutely clear what time of the day is. The lightness is focused on models than the rest of the image. It may be an early morning after party, because the models are dressed for occation. Everything from these images has an element of luxury. The campaign is provocative a s most of Gucci ´s adverts. The long legs, sexy pose and dress is lifestyle and glamour as Gucci. CELEBRITIES According to Okonkwo (2007), celebrities play very important role in luxury fashion sector. These icons must be famous around the world, they have to be the best and talented in their field of producing, the personality of the celebrities must reflect the brand and of cource they should look beautiful almost everytime. Therefore the celebrity must not disguise the brand. The brands used the celebrities to make the brand communicating through their message. The icons show a connection with brand and people want to be like them. Other personality attributes that the celebrity may have such as glamour, beauty, talent and style will also be ultimately linked with the brand. (Okonkwo, 2007:160) The brand shows the connection between the celebrities and brand. The gorgeous people in the magazines and on television unconsciously speak to you, telling you that their lifestyle and material possessions like their clothes and accesories can also make you beautiful and help you become a part of their world. (Okonkwo, 2007:7) Louis Vuitton fall/winter campaign 2002 2003 called Faity Tale figured Eva Herzigova as Cinderella. Photographers of this campaign were Mert Alas and Marcus Piggott. (Pasols, 2007:380) The big companies often use big celebrities into their campaigns. When they also used a big photographer for their advertisement, the succes must be guaranteed. Louis Vuitton is not exception. For a few years the famous photographer Annie Liebovitz creates visuals for LV. She has already externalized the actor Catherine Deneve, politics Michaela GorbaÄ ov or the famous tennis couple Steffi Graf and Andrà © Agassi. The face of their campaign in 2008 was also guitarist of Rolling Stones Keith Richards. He looks like timeless man with a wild live. Simultaneously, he is still on the roads, almost an ideal icon. Annie Liebovitz was able to catch the emotion and story in this camapign. The campaign was devoted to trevelling. It should display a way over self knowledge. Jennifer Lopez, Kate Moss, Scarlett Johansson, Diane Kruger, and Uma Thurman have all embodied the Louis Vuitton woman: desirable, elusive, changeable, and elegant, according to fashion and season. (Pasols, 2007:380) Madonna is an icon, so it is clear that she appeard also in Louis Vuitton campaign in 2008. The campaign has an excelent atmosphere as all of the Vuitton ´s campaigns. The atmosphere is like from the old french movie. The smoky bistro, the luxury handbag and a beautiful woman in mini and hight heels it is the other presentation of one of the richnes singer in the world, entirely for different luxury brand. Famous fashion photographer Steven Meisel shoted this pictures. Steven Meisel can be known as a genious of fashion photography. Consequently it is not an accident that he photographed campaigns for Louis Vuitton. The new campaign of LV 2010 was also shoted by this genious. It can looks like the era of celebrities in fashion campaigns is over. Only DolceGabanna used Madonna for their 2010 campaign. However, the other luxury fashion brands went back to the charm of supermodels. Christy Turlington, Karen Elson and Natalia Vodianova are the new faces of LV campaign. Meisel shoted this campaign in atelior in New York. They wanted to show a beauty of women ´s body, diversity and more adult aesthetics. It can be paradoxial that the most influental and luxury brand Louis Vuitton introduced an advertisement, which was consequentlly forbidden. According to Advertising Standard Authority in UK the advertisement could bring the costumers in mistake. The customers could think that all of the Louis Vuitton products are hand made. While, in fact the bags were made on the sewings machines. These ads were made by Oglivy and Mather. There was figured a woman stitching the handle of a handbag, or a woman creating the folds of a wallet. It could look that the women made the handbag by hand, but it was not true. As well as Louis Vuitton, the other luxury brand use celebrity for their campaigns Chanel. Although they have similar marketing strategy many celebrities and supermodels, Chanel is more clasic in the producing of its brand. From the nativity of perfume Chanel no. 5 it became the most famous and the most selling perfume over the world. This famous perfume has everything what is typical for Chanel femininity, courageousness, fashionableness, black and white. However, today it is not just a perfume, it is much more. Chanel No. 5 is part of our collective counsciousness, it represent a legend and exteriorize of luxury. In the new advertising spot actor Audreu Tatou became a sixth muse of Chanel No. 5. She goes in the steps of Vicky Hilbert, Catherine Deneuve, Carole Bouquet, Estelly Warren or Nicole Kidman. Audreu Tatou represents a woman with free and equal mind. She can do what she want, to travel by herself in luxury night train. This spot has an atmosphere of luxury. It is story about man and women, libidinous met in the train.They attract together Chanel No. 5 is killing. In the new campaign for Chanel lighted up the British singer Lilly Allen. Lilly has considered as a muse of Karl Lagerfeld, the creative director of Chanel for a long time, but now she became the icon of Chanel. Karl Lagerfeld photographed this campaign by himself. The campaign is elegant and clasic, black and white, yet the campaign can feel very playful. As I mentioned before, Chanel does not need shock. Therefore Chanel does not produce only classic and elegant advertisement Kate Moss wear only long beads with cap in one of their campaigns. Kate Moss is known for her acces to drugs. In spite of this, she is an icon for pretty much luxury brand. Conclusion This dissertation has aimed to provide a basis explaining of the luxury fashion brands, and the illusion which the luxury create. We buy the luxury fashion as a demonstration of our social situation and desire for recognition. Fashion is a symbol of society. It is probably a tool for satisfaction of our sences. The luxury brands could create the illusion by helps of their tradition. Surely, brands as Louis Vuitton, or Gucci have the aura of luxury deservedly. But sincerely, vast majority of the costumers buy product of this brand on the score of the brand. Luxury fashion is not just about the most faked brands. (Okonkwo, 2007:238) says that definition of luxury can be also a dream for someone. To buy a luxury brand is a way to obtain status and enhance the self, satisfying ego needs. A necessity for consumers buying luxury can be that the products brand image is concurrent with their own self-image. The fashion status and aura of exclusivity is of primary concern to these exclusive luxury brands. The advertisement and campaigns help the brands create the illusion. The advertisement has an enormous influence for people. In the advert are beautiful women, or men, celebrities or icons. It is the dream in hidden reality. And if we talked about luxury fashion brands, the dream is bigger. People want to live in dream as the people from images. It is evident that for example Gucci, Louis Vuitton and Chanel use different promotional strategies. For instance Gucci as well as Dolce Gabbana incorporates controversial and even shocking, sexual issues into their marketing strategy to promote their brand imagery. On the other hand Louis Vuitton use celebrity as their promotion, whereas Chanel especially try to concentrates on the classic and elegant style as mention of history and tradition of this brand. Every brand bring different dream, but it is still dream or illusion. Wheter the luxury brands have a perfect quality, tradition and exlusivity or not, they create the illusion. Ilussion for people who feel better, more luxurious or highly sociable owing to the brand. But maybe why not? Illusion can make the people feel better.

The Game of Runescape :: Games History Runescape Essays

The Game of Runescape For many, the world of Runescape is an unfamiliar world. Runescape involves many players in a medieval world of ghosts, goblins, and dangerous dragons. By fighting these monsters, characters can level up and get stronger. Each combat level that a player acquires increases his or her character’s strength by one point. People outside this discourse community would have a difficult time trying to understand everything that is going on in this internet game. Even people playing for years might not know everything there is to know about the game. It takes about two weeks to understand and incorporate Runescape’s terms and ways to trade, but that two weeks goes by plenty fast. Breaking things down to its simplest parts is a tough thing to do, but it puts the world of Runescape into view for others that have not heard about the game. Interacting with the other players of Runescape and understanding what the other people are trying to say are key survival techniques tha t must be used in order to last in this game. In order to understand the game of Runescape, a player must first understand the pagan religion. The pagan religion concentrates on witchcraft and wizardry. A lot of the game centers on witches and wizards and the ability of a character to use magic. Pagans today still believe in witch craft and the ability to cure or even prevent certain illnesses from spreading to a community of people. The world of Runescape will help players delve deeper into the pagan traditions and help them understand more about their religion. A beginning player of Runescape must first understand what some commonly used words and phrases mean in order to play the game. â€Å"Noob† for instance means a newcomer or newbie to the game of Runescape. Many high leveled characters will tend to use this word frequently when speaking to lower leveled characters. Noob is a fairly new term and only used by more experienced people. This word groups all newcomers into a negative category of being ignorant and gullible, because many new comers to the game do not know all of the tricks that experienced players know. As soon as a player increases his or her combat level to at least level thirty, the word â€Å"noob† would no longer pertain to them.

Birth control essay Essay

Birth control has come a long way since the introduction of the birth control pill. There are now more than a dozen methods to choose from.The most common ones could be condoms and birth control pills.Each method has its own advantages and disadvantages, but none of those methods can be 100% safe,except for abstinence.None having sex with another person is the only way to be 100%effective of birth control. A condom is a barrier method commonly used during sexual intercourse to reduce the probability of pregnancy. As a method of birth control, condoms have the advantage of being inexpensive, easy to use, having few side effects, and offering protection against sexually transmitted diseases. When used consistently and correctly with every act of sexual intercourse, male condoms can prevent pregnancy and STDs, including HIV/ AIDS. They are safe, and have no hormonal side-effects. They are very easy to find and use without seeing a healthcare provider first. Condoms do have some disadvantages too. Latex condoms may cause itching for a few people who are allergic to latex and/or lubricants. There is still a small possibility that a condom will slip off during sex. Some people are too embarrassed to buy, ask a partner to use, put on, take off, or throw away condoms.And condoms don’t make u feel good. Birth control pills provide highly reliable contraceptive protection, exceeding 99%. Even when imperfect use is considered, the BCPs are still very effective in preventing pregnancy. Birth control pills cause menstrual cycles to occur regularly and predictably. This is especially helpful for women with periods that come too often or too infrequently. Birth control pills can improve acne as well. For moderate to severe acne, which other medications can’t cure, birth control pills may be prescribed.But birth control pills have disadvantages. Women taking birth control pills usually have a small increase in both systolic and diastolic blood pressure. Headaches may start in women who have not previously had headaches, or can get worse in those who do. Some women should not take pills if they have specific health conditions, including some types of diabetes, liver disease.Plus, The pill costs more than condoms. People are abstinent for many reasons, including to prevent pregnancy.And it is definitely the easiest,safest and the most convenient way to prevent pregnancy. People can choose abstinence to prevent STDs, wait until they’re ready for a sexual relationship, focus  on school, career, or extracurricular activities. Sexual relationships present risks. Abstinence is a very good way to postpone taking those risks until you are better able to handle them. There are few disadvantages to abstinence as well.People may find it difficult to abstain for long periods of time and may end their period of abstinence without being prepared to protect themselves against pregnancy or infection.And there is often pressure from your partner or friends to have sex.lt is hard to control yourself particularly in the moment. If you really want to prevent pregnancy,the best way is obviously abstinence. lt is 100% effective in preventing pregnancy. Therefore, It’s the best protection and the only guarantee. Abstinence is a good way to really get to know your boyfriend or girlfriend without the complications of sex.After knowing each other really well,if you really want to have sex with your boyfriend.l suggest you to use birth control pills,because they are safer even though they are much more expensive.But l don’t think that you want to risk on preventing pregnancy.If you can’t even afford the birth control pills,you are absolutely not ready to have a kid.But although birth control pills are 98.7% effective,there is still risk to get pregnant.So no method is completely safe except for abstinence.You have to consider carefully before you become sexually active.Don’t do anything that would make yourself regret.We are all responsible for ourselves! Shirly Zhou Per.3

The Pit and the Pendulum Essay Essays

The Pit and the Pendulum Essay Essays The Pit and the Pendulum Essay Paper The Pit and the Pendulum Essay Paper There are some narratives. where the objects that are described or portrayed play a more of import portion of the narrative than what we believed. In The Pit and the Pendulum. a short narrative written by Edgar Allan Poe there is certain symbolism that adds intending to the narrative. The storyteller is stating the narrative from a keep in Toledo. Spain as a captive during the Spanish Inquisition. In the narrative. there are certain objects that have of import symbolism for the play. since they lead the storyteller to his decease. This narrative is one of Poe’s more popular plants since he creates a dark ambiance. adds suspense and a deep significance to these symbols. His symbolism transmits the subject of adult male struggles to last. The symbols make the storyteller face his chief job and stress what he feels while qualifying his emotions. The cavity is the most of import symbol in the narrative. The storyteller about faces decease by falling on the border of the cavity. re cognizing how close to decease he had been because the cavity had a deep surface. The cavity represents decease or falling into snake pit. It can be interpreted as decease because for the storyteller. it is something unknown. he didn’t know that the cavity was at that place. or how deep it was. The same happens with decease. cipher truly knows what happens after we die or where is it precisely where we go. In the narrative. the cavity is portrayed as this terrorization symbol that can besides be interpreted as snake pit. Since snake pit is the belief of a topographic point where people go after decease because they have sinned. the storyteller is considered to be guilty of a offense he did non commit. he doesn’t deserve to decease in the cavity. or harmonizing to the symbolism. combustion in snake pit. At the beginning of the narrative. the storyteller describes the â€Å"seven tall candles† that remind him of angels that subsequently turn into â€Å"meaningles s apparitions. with caputs of fire. † The significances that Thoreau wants to give to these tapers are a mark of hope. followed by letdown and despair. The fact that he imagined angels coming to his deliverance means that he was keeping on to his life. non giving up until those angels turned into Satan. and so his perceptual experience changed into thought that he was all entirely and abandoned. â€Å"And so my vision fell upon the seven autumn tapers upon the tabular array. At first they wore the facet of charity. and seemed white slender angels who would salvage me ; but so. all at one time. there came a most deathly sickness over my spirit. and I felt every fibre in my frame thrill as if I had touched the wire of a voltaic battery. while the angel signifiers became nonmeaningful apparitions. with caputs of fire. and I saw that from them there would be no aid. † The pendulum that is portrayed in the narrative is a symbol that represents clip. As the pendulum descends more and more. the storyteller realizes that is coming right to him. willing to take him to his intolerable decease. In the narrative. clip is a important component. since the storyteller has his seconds counted before confronting his decease. which fortunately. he escapes. â€Å"It was the painted figure of Time as he is normally represented. salvage that in stead of a scythe he held what at a insouciant glimpse I supposed to be the envisioned image of a immense pendulum. such as we see on old-timer redstem storksbills. † The pendulum is an instrument for anguish since it involves decease itself while numbering off the seconds until the terminal. The symbolism that the objects undertaking in the narrative emphasizes what Poe wanted to add or stand for the significance that is beyond what he wanted the storyteller in the narrative to portray. The symbols connect the story teller to what is really go oning in the narrative and do the reader understand better. In this instance. the symbols that were utilized are critical for the narrative. without them. the narrative would non hold the same significance and this happens with a batch of Edgar Allan Poe’s narratives and verse forms. it is an component that identifies them. Plants Citedâ€Å"Short Narratives: The Pit and the Pendulum by Edgar Allan Poe. † Short Narratives: The Pit and the Pendulum by Edgar Allan Poe. N. p. . n. d. Web. 6 Mar. 2014. Cover missive:I found the narrative really interesting I thought that the symbols were non difficult to construe. I decided to analyse the symbols because they are a really of import portion of the narrative. even though I did non analyse all of them. but I choose the three that I considered more relevant to the narrative My essay is concise and easy to read and understand. I included a batch of illustrations like direct quotation marks from the text that support my organic structure paragraphs. That was what I liked the most about my essay. the quotation marks that I included. because it gives you an thought of the point of position of the storyteller and how precisely he felt or what he thought. My debut is apprehensible and it gives you the thought of what the essay is traveling to be approximately. The organic structure paragraphs explain each of the symbols and I provided illustrations and analyzed them to do it more clear. My decision explains overall what the essay was approximately and it summarizes the debut.

Market Competitiveness in relation to an organizations pay system

Market Competitiveness in relation to an organizations pay system Introduction There is no denying that the human capital in any organization is central to how well it is able to compete in the market. A well motivated work force will no doubt perform better hence enhancing the organization’s competitiveness.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Market Competitiveness in relation to an organization’s pay system specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More According to Encyclopedia of Business (2010), employee compensation is extremely important to an organization’s competitiveness since employees always compare their pay to what employees in other organizations receive. Ideally, firms willing to achieve external competitiveness through their employee must match the pay offered to their employees to what is offered in a competing firm (Encyclopedia of Business, 2010). In a cash-strapped firm however, this may not be easy since the money to compensate the employee may si mply not be available. Pay vs. compensation The Encyclopedia of Business (2010) observes that while most employers believe that pay and compensation are similar, there is a major difference between the two. While employee pay is tied to the monetary earnings that the employee receives for work done in the organization, compensation include different financial returns availed to the employee either as benefits or tangible services. Such things include the base salary, employee incentives, sick days, leave days, employee discounts, pension plans and paid vacations. Regardless of the pay that an employee receives from an organization, Henderson (2003) notes that the compensation program adopted by an organization must support the strategic actions and plans therein. Since the cost of labor represents a significant percentage of any organizations operating cost, Henderson (2003) suggests that any cash-strapped firm should devise an effective strategy of controlling the labor costs. This must however be done without too much pay cuts on the employee because in the competitive global market place today, employees can always get other better compensating jobs in the industry. Most importantly, an organization must acknowledge that most employees are motivated by the benefits and pay they receive for their work. With adequate compensation, organizations not only provide their employees with sustenance, but also serve their self esteem needs in addition to allowing them to meet recreational and materialistic needs they may have.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More If employees perceive the compensation offered by their employer as inadequate, then chances are that a good number of them will leave the organization for better prospects somewhere else, while potential employees will reject any job offers from the organizations based on the poor comp ensation system. Employees who remain with the organization may become unproductive by becoming less cooperative, helpful or less motivated. At an age where most organizations’ competitiveness is determined by the skills and efficiency of the human capital, such a reaction from employees would drastically reduce the firm’s competitiveness. Steps to follow According to Encyclopedia of Business (2010), most employees’ attitudes on their pat and compensation affect how they will behave at work. As such, employees have an obligation to instill positive attitudes in their employees towards the same. One of the ideal ways through which employers can do this according to Henderson (2003) is by ensuring that there is fairness and equity in the compensation practices. As Adams (1965) found out employees judge how equitable or fair their compensation is, based on their input at work and the compensation they receive for the same. More to this, they also compare what the a mount of compensation that other people in the same job category within the organization receive. To ensure that all employees perceive compensation as equitable and fair, an organization entrench fairness and equity in its compensation schemes. The second step for an organization that wants to remain competitive despite its inability to compensate its employees competitively would be to achieve internal consistency whereby, the pay rate on each employee must reflect the importance of the employee’s contribution to the organization. Heneman (2002) suggests that in some cases, an organization may have to shift from job-based pay and instead adopt a person-based approach whereby every employee is rewarded for their competency, knowledge and skills. Alternatively, the organization can adopt a pay-for-performance approach where work teams or units are rewarded collectively according to their performance. The third step would be to scrap the employee benefits that apply to every e mployee regardless of their contribution on the job. According to Heneman (2002), a cafeteria-style benefit plan would be more fitting to a cash-strapped organization since such would only reward employees based on their contribution to the job. Since the scrapping of benefits will most likely be met by opposition from employees, Henderson (2003) suggests that employers must always discuss any changes in remuneration with the employee.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Market Competitiveness in relation to an organization’s pay system specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More By making them understand the financial situation in the company, the employees will be more understanding and more tolerant towards the changes. In most cases employees will agree to a system that rewards them for their contribution to the job as long as they perceive the compensation as fair. Conclusion A cash-strapped organization does not always have many options in employee compensation. It can either choose to downsize its human resource and remain with an employee number that it can compensate adequately, or institute compensation cuts on all employees while choosing to retain them in the workforce. While the latter is the best option for an organization that relies on its employees to remain competitive, the changes in employee compensation should be communicated clearly and in good time to the employees. References Adams, J.S. (1965). Injustices in social Exchange, In Advances in Experimental Social psychology. (Eds.) New York: Academic Press. Encyclopedia of Business. (2010). Employee Compensation. Retrieved from: https://www.referenceforbusiness.com/management/Em-Exp/Employee-Compensation.html Henderson, R. I. (2003). Compensation Management in a Knowledge-based World. New Jersey: Prentice hall. Heneman, R. L. (2002). Strategic reward management: design, implementation, and evaluation. New York: IAP.

Analyzing an Experience Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Analyzing an Experience - Essay Example This is what initiates the pathway towards the transformation. The second stage, the Threshold, is when one tests his or her limit to break away from the boundaries into a newly formed threshold, just as Halifax discovered the grief after her mother’s tragic death. It is when the concealed truth is disclosed and â€Å"the gate to the unconscious† is re-opened (Halifax, 17). Finally the third stage, the Return, is when the individual realizes the deeper truth that had been hidden from him or her as a husk covers the core (Halifax, 16). The whole cycle leads an individual to the path of spiritual understanding which Halifax describes as a successful initiation experience where â€Å"the husk of alienation† is conquered (178). In his essay â€Å"Once More to the Lake†, the author E. B. White has explored the state of mind and the power of mental retention of experiences. As White recollects the memories of a visit he made with his son to a camp near a lake, h e points out its resemblance to the visit he made with his own father in 1904 (1). What is more important is his understanding of trivial details regarding the scenic environment and the natural context. White has looked upon the temporal development of a human being as it is captured in our minds as memories. As such, White’s experiences of his visits are aligned with the three stages of initiation experience which Halifax describes as separation, transition, and incorporation, namely Severance, Threshold, and the Return (15). Halifax explains that the pathway towards Threshold experience allows an individual to transcend the borders to move on from the realm of society to one which has unobstructed space (Halfax, 108). As such, White chooses to return to the natural setting of Maine to recollect memories of his childhood in an attempt to seek isolation from the social realm and realize the limits of life yet the longevity of time that brings him closer to nature. Therefore,

Summary 3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Summary 3 - Essay Example On the other hand, other people like and encourage the violence in hockey. They see it as a customer magnet. Clubs sponsors and media also demand this violence since it increases profits as games are sold out and papers sell(Miedzian, 187). Therefore, a child who views these players are inclined to think naturally and Little does he or she know that the extreme violence he sees often grows more out of the owners commercial interests than players inclinations as players who do not participate in violence endanger their jobs(Miedzian, 188). A child knows violence outside sports is disapproved of but violence in sports is approved of by society. This unbalances the child who thought sports is about skill and talent but now knows sports is about winning and it means doing anything to win bad or good(Miedzian, 189).What are sports all about? It is about competitiveness not to win but to be the best. It is also about being a task master, by setting goals and achieving them. It is having self-esteem and confidence in

Price vs Attributes Annotated Bibliography Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Price vs Attributes - Annotated Bibliography Example Moreover, this article highlighted that the business professionals work to develop such strategic approaches and techniques, which are based on the notions of MNCs and that assist policy makers while making decisions concerning FDI and role of multinational organizations aiming to gain competitive advantage for the country. Concepts of MNCs help policy makers to develop attractive approaches for gaining FDIs. Researchers have noticed that positioning mapping techniques help identify and understand the viewpoints and concepts of the map managers belonging to different Southern European Countries including France, Spain, Italy, and Greece. This article insights the predicted ideal mix of these countries and the vital factors that contribute while MNCs examines a country’s position. The authors have also discussed those actions and strategies that should be adopted by a country to maintain its position for favourable FDI flow in the state resulting in a rapid growth of multinational companies. In this article, the author has shed light on the concepts and practices of marketing intelligence and planning. This article analyzes the factors, which should be consider foremost while making plans of pricing of global brands. In the light of author’s opinion, emerging technologies and scientific advancements in the field of business and marketing have created deep impact on structure and functioning of international market. Thus, before setting prices for the international products or services it is highly important to identify competitive forces in the market and other barriers of the international business environment. Surveys, samples, and examples from the industry help professionals to identify the market challenges and fundamental changes required to make during strategy management and implementation. This article argues that in some states

A Critique of the Research Article Essay Example for Free

A Critique of the Research Article Essay A Critique of the Research Article: Methadone/Buprenorphine and Better Maternal/ Perinatal Outcomes: A Meta-analysis Abstract The purpose of this research article is to discuss lower risk drugs such as Methadone and Buprenorphine given to Heroin addicted pregnant patients to create better neonatal and maternal outcomes. This research articles discusses the gold standard of treatment for better neonatal and maternal outcomes. Keywords: heroin, neonatal, maternal, outcomes, methadone, buprenorphine, gold standard treatment A Critique of the Research Article: Methadone/Buprenorphine and Better Maternal/ Perinatal Outcomes: A Meta-analysis Methadone is a synthetic opioid. It is used medically as an analgesic and a maintenance anti-addictive and reductive preparation for use by patients with opioid dependency. It was developed in Germany in 1937. Methadone was introduced into the United States in 1947 by Eli Lilly and Company. The principal effects of methadone maintenance are to relieve narcotic craving, suppress the abstinence syndrome, and block the euphoric effects associated with opiates. When used correctly, Methadone maintenance has been found to be medically safe and non-sedating. It is also indicated for pregnant women addicted to opiates. (doi:http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/methadone) The theoretical study was not discussed in the articles but Roy’s Model identifies the elements considered essential to adaptation and describes how the elements interact to produce adaptation and thus health. Methadone helps the pregnant opioid dependent individual adapt to a lower risk drug and produces an overall healthier maternal and prenatal outcome. Middle Range Theory is less abstract and narrowed in the scope than conceptual models. These types of theories focus on answering particular practice questions and often specify such factors: patient’s health conditions, family situations and nursing actions. While researching this topic there were areas that were discussed, about patients being afraid to seek Methadone treatment and prenatal care because they were ashamed of how health care professionals would view them. It was also stated that patients in better overall health and less family related stress situations would more than likely be the ones to receive proper prenatal care and seek Methadone treatment. Opioid dependent pregnant patients and their fetus have more physical, mental and psychological issues. (Kaltenbach, Berghella, Finnegan, 1998). Opioid dependent pregnant patients are at an increased risk for preterm delivery and low birth weight. (Fajemiroku-Odudeyi et al. , 2005). To lower the health risks, pregnant women who are opiate dependent have been treated with methadone maintenance, the standard of care for several decades. (Jones et al. , 2005). Another treatment option became available when the U. S. Food and Drug Administration approved the use of buprenorphine maintenance therapy in 2002, which is another substitute for methadone. The research article â€Å"Opioid Dependency in Pregnancy and Length of Stay for Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome† examines 152 opioid-dependent pregnant women on methadone maintenance therapy (n=136 the participants that are using methadone) or buprenorphine maintenance therapy (n=16 the participants that are using buprenorphine) during pregnancy and their neonates. The neonates were born between January 1, 2005 and December 2007. The use of methadone in opioid dependent pregnant women lowers maternal morbidity and mortality rates and promotes fetal stability and growth compared to the use of heroin (Ludlow, Evans, Hulse, 2004). Continuous methadone treatment during pregnancy is associated with improved earlier antenatal care (Burns, Mattick, Lim Wallace, 2007), compliance with prenatal care and better preparation for infant care and parenting responsibilities (Dawe, Harnett, Rendalls, Staiger, 2003). Stabilization on methadone avoids the dangers of repeated intoxication and withdrawal cycles. Methadone has to be picked up by the patient at the treatment facilities. Attendance at these facilities allow pregnant patients opportunities to receive essential antenatal care and advice for a healthy pregnancy, which some of the patients otherwise may not receive. While conducting this research it was not clearly evident what was being researched until the conclusion of the results was determined. Based on the number of participants depended on the outcome of the better treatment. Therefore the results are not as accurate as could be if there were a larger amount of participants. There were no violations of patient rights with the methods used. The research article â€Å"Methadone in pregnancy: treatment retention and neonatal outcomes† examines three different groups of women: a group who entered continuous treatment at least one year prior to birth, a group who entered continuous treatment in the 6 months prior to birth, and a group whose last treatment program prior to birth ended at least one year prior to birth. Births that occurred after 1994 were selected for this analysis. Overall, 2 993 women were on the methadone program at delivery. The number of births rose steadily from 62 in 1992 to 459 in 2002. A particular strength of the large sample size was the ability to examine the effect of treatment retention on key neonatal outcomes. Among mothers on methadone at delivery, early commencement on methadone was associated with increased antenatal care and reduced prematurity. This is consistent with previous research that has shown that methadone in conjunction with adequate prenatal care promotes fetal stability and growth. Ethics approval for the project was granted by the NSW Department of Health Ethics Committee. All data was provided to the researchers’ only once full identification of records had taken place with password protected computers and firewall protection. This method was used to protect patient’s rights. Based on a large sample size, researchers were able to examine the effects of treatment retention on key neonatal outcomes. Although researchers had a large sample size based on certain ethical restrictions, limited the amount of information given to researchers, which waived the outcomes of individual’s results not being totally accurate. The research article â€Å"Methadone and perinatal outcomes: a prospective cohort study† examines A total of 117 pregnant women on methadone maintenance treatment recruited between July 2009 and July 2010. Measurements information on concomitant drug use was recorded with the Addiction Severity Index. Perinatal outcomes included pre-term birth (